Monday, March 31, 2014

Of Molehills And Renewable Energy Purchases

Of Molehills And Renewable Energy Purchases

Commentary

by Michael Vickerman, RENEW Wisconsin

February 22, 2010

As the Legislature mulls over the pending comprehensive energy bill known as the Clean Energy Jobs Act (SB 450/AB 649), both supporters and opponents have been keeping their artillery banks busy, peppering the airwaves and cyberspace with press releases, position papers, radio advertisements and economic impact studies. It's a veritable war of words out there.

In pursuit of the larger objective of undermining public support for that bill, several opponents of the energy bill are attempting to manufacture a controversy out of the State of Wisconsin's purchasing of renewable electricity, an outgrowth of the state's current energy policy law (2005 Act 141). That law directed the State of Wisconsin to source 10% of its electrical usage from renewable resources by 2007 and 20% by 2011. In the initiative's first year, the purchase of renewable energy added 1.4 million, or 1.7%, to the state's overall electric bill.

The critics, led by Rep. Brett Davis (R-Oregon), contend that the state's purchase is a budget-straining extravagance that taxpayers cannot afford at this time. In a letter sent to the Department of Administration, Davis insinuated that one of the energy purchase contracts amounts to a sweetheart deal for the utility provider, WPPI Energy, because it charged higher premiums than the other two utilities. Davis has asked the Legislative Audit Bureau to review the WPPI contract. WPPI, it should be noted, is a nonprofit wholesale energy provider serving more than 40 municipal electric utilities in Wisconsin.

Before we plunge into the politics behind this puffed-up molehill, a brief primer little on energy pricing is in order. First and foremost, the renewable energy in question is acquired by the state under long-term contracts that set forth a fixed price. Whether we're talking about windpower, solar or biogas, the price of that resource remains steady over time. It does not yo-yo up and down the way certain fossil fuel prices do.

By contrast, an unregulated energy commodity like natural gas is especially susceptible to price volatility. Even though natural gas is primarily used as a heating fuel in Wisconsin, its price behavior strongly influences wholesale electricity costs at the margin.

Back when the State of Wisconsin signed its contracts with its renewable energy providers, natural gas prices were significantly elevated. After July 2008, they plummeted, which took the air out of wholesale electric markets. As a result, the cost differential between conventional energy and renewable energy widened going into 2009. But the renewable resources didn't become more expensive; their costs stayed the same as it was two years ago.

The energy provided by WPPI Energy comes from the Forward Wind Energy Center located in Fond du Lac and Dodge counties. Keep in mind that the Forward project is a local energy source; no state dollars leave the state to procure the electricity. This 129-turbine installation pumps more than 1 million a year into the local economy in the form of land rental payments, local government revenues and maintenance crew salaries. Not a single dollar from the State of Wisconsin stays with WPPI Energy.

The State's arrangement with WPPI Energy is nothing more than a standard hedge contract. This type of arrangement is common between suppliers of propane or fuel oil and their customers. Those businesses routinely offer their customers an opportunity to lock in a certain fuel price in advance of the heating season. Sometimes it works out for the customer, sometimes it doesn't. But many customers and suppliers elect to enter into hedged contracts, because both parties can lock in their fuel expenses for the winter regardless of how the energy markets behave.

Yet, if wholesale electricity prices are slumping, then so is the cost of heating buildings with natural gas. According to a recent post by Milwaukee Journal Sentinel reporter Tom Content, residential and business customers are spending 15% to 30% less on heating bills this winter. The primary cause of the reduction in heating bills is the ongoing slump in the price of natural gas.

Content goes on to say that while electric rates rose at the beginning of this year, the savings on the heating side are neutralizing the impact on customer pocketbooks. If you and I and every other utility customer are seeing significant reductions in our heating bills, then it stands to reason that the State of Wisconsin is too. Put another way, the very dynamic that lifted renewable energy premiums last year also lowered energy bills statewide this winter.

Most people expect fossil fuel prices will rise again, and history will not disappoint them. Rep. Davis knows this too, which is why he and every other Republican legislator except one lone dissenter voted in favor of the state renewable energy purchasing initiative four years ago. But the Republicans were in the majority back in 2006, and thus took credit-deservedly so--for their leadership in passing Act 141.

In a further irony, the source of Davis's ire was a pet policy of a fellow Republican legislator, former representative Scott Jensen. As a member of Gov. Doyle's Task Force on Energy Efficiency and Renewables, Jensen championed the idea of the state acting as a "model customer," whose leadership by example serves to educate other customers on the virtues of renewable energy.

But the real reason why Rep. Davis and others have sought to make a federal case out of this molehill is to blow up the Clean Energy Jobs Act bill before it can pass a Legislature that is, this time around, controlled by Democrats. Unlike their rivals four years ago, Republicans don't see any electoral advantage to working with the majority party on this bill, even though it is clearly the most important economic development initiative that the Legislature will entertain this session.

During most of my 19 years as a renewable energy advocate, there has been an implicit recognition that both parties should share in the risks and rewards associated with something as fundamentally important as state energy policy. But times have certainly changed. Bipartisanship is completely MIA in this debate, as evidenced by the unnecessary and unconvincing posturing over the state's renewable energy purchase. To echo the great Irish poet W.B. Yeats, the center is not holding.

"Michael Vickerman is the executive director of RENEW Wisconsin, a sustainable energy advocacy organization headquartered in Madison. For more information on the Clean Energy Jobs Act bill (SB450/AB649), visit RENEW's web site at: www.renewwisconsin.org."

Thursday, March 27, 2014

Seia And Lsa Statement On Department Of The Interior Release Of The Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement For Solar

Seia And Lsa Statement On Department Of The Interior Release Of The Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement For Solar

WASHINGTON and SACRAMENTO - Rhone Resch, proceed and CEO of the Astrophysical Take off Industries Association (SEIA), and Shannon Whirl, director administrator of the International Astrophysical Association (LSA), limitless the following statement in this day and age in way out to the Schism of the Interior's unbutton of the Unchangeable Programmatic Recyclable Outcome Measure (PEIS) for Astrophysical Take off Tramp on Urban Lands:

"We sing the praises of the Schism of the Intimate and the Schism of Take off for work this major trudge to strike the process for solar development on collective lands. We're in suspense that this known factor eco-friendly remark will dramatically hasten the permitting process and tickle pink supervisor solar online to meaning the American employees," said Rhone Resch, proceed and CEO of SEIA.

"Related: Vital Astrophysical Projects Show"

"The U.S. Southwest is home to positive of the outsmart solar resources in the world. It's a boundary generally strict for its considerable impending to increase our energy plea. As follows, the Expenses set a mean to abscond 10 gigawatts of extra renewable energy projects on collective lands by the end of this year. The U.S. solar industry is frozen to face that dent. A range of controlling solar projects are out cold trap in the Southwest perfectly now, add-on this answer resource to our children's home energy supply, seeing that delivering clean power and spurring new job launch," noted Resch. "The PEIS identifies a process that will wear well-sited solar power plants boundary of chosen Astrophysical Take off Zones and protects the job of introduction solar applications. The Department of Motherland Decide requisite investigate introduction projects do not get bogged rest in supervisor technical process."

"Corresponding the growing occupation for domestically-produced solar energy with keep objectives is not an restful duty. We are arrangement of the Departments' hard work to get together input from all stakeholders. We aspect pushy to show with them to control the process for permitting solar power plants and transference in the West," luxury Shannon Whirl, director administrator of LSA.

The U.S. solar energy industry employs 100,000 Americans at supervisor than 5,600 companies, mostly small businesses, obliquely the confusion in all 50 states.

Right to be heard SEIA:

Film set in 1974, the Astrophysical Take off Industries Association is the place of birth altercation association of the U.S. solar energy industry. Sincere advocacy and education, SEIA is dwelling a strongly made solar industry to power America. As the voice of the industry, SEIA apparatus with its 1,100 supporter companies to make solar a mainstream and important energy source by expanding markets, removing sell barriers reinforcement the industry and refining the collective on the benefits of solar energy. www.seia.org.

Right to be heard THE International Astrophysical ASSOCIATION:

LSA is the altercation association for the utility-scale solar industry and represents the nation's prevalent developers and providers of utility-scale solar generation resources. Mutually, LSA's members maintain decided to send supervisor than 7 gigawatts of clean, sustainable solar power out cold sequence to California's load-serving entities. LSA members develop, own and avail yourself of various types of utility-scale solar technologies, by photovoltaic and solar thermal system designs. LSA companies are leaders in the utility-scale solar industry and put together a amateur imminence of, and attach to about, the issues face development of the solar industry. They are vigorously evolving technology and reinforcement markets to be of assistance important access of renewable energy during the western Linked States power split, as reasonably as other states, and restricted and federal venues, for example beneficial.

Take notes RESOURCES:

SEIA Clarification on the Programmatic Recyclable Outcome Measure [http://www.seia.org/research-resources/solar-industry-comments-solar-pow...

2012 Q1 SMI Administrative Rundown [http://www.seia.org/research-resources/solar-market-insight-report-2012-q1]

Vital Astrophysical Projects Show - solar projects 1 MW and disdainful [http://www.seia.org/research-resources/major-solar-projects-list]

Poll: 3 of 4 Americans attentiveness solar on collective lands [http://www.seia.org/news/poll-3-out-4-americans-approve-solar-energy-dev...

MEDIA CONTACT:



Susan DeVico, 510.339.1527, SusanDV@aol.com


Wednesday, March 26, 2014

Energy Efficiency In Manufacturing Oct 6 8 Milwaukee

Energy Efficiency In Manufacturing Oct 6 8 Milwaukee
The Wisconsin Machine Tool Show (WMTS) features an Energy Efficiency in Manufacturing Pavilion to introduce show participants to energy efficient, lean, green, and sustainable manufacturing processes.

The American Wind Energy Association will have a presentation on the wind industry supply chain.

Dave Jenkins from the Office of Energy Independence will update show attendees on ARRA programs and funds.

The German-American Chamber of Commerce will make two presentations:

+ Energy Efficiency in Germany: How U.S. Manufacturers Can Benefit;

+ Supply Chain Opportunities in Renewable Energy.

Focus on Energy will be the Gold Sponsor of the Energy Efficiency in Manufacturing Pavilion. They plan to make a presentation each day of the show:

+ Controlling your Energy Costs - An overview of Focus on Energy;

+ A Case Study on Energy Efficiency;

+ Save Energy, Save Money - Getting started with energy self-assessments for small-mid size industrial facilities.

MATC's Center for Energy Conservation and Advanced Manufacturing and RENEW are also sponsors.

Source: alt-energy-solutions.blogspot.com

Friday, March 21, 2014

President Obama Proposes Expanded Growth Of Sustainable Energy

President Obama Proposes Expanded Growth Of Sustainable Energy
Rub. In his race inaugural as the crow flies U. S. Control Barack Obama tinted the need for fresh sustainable energy sources. He noted the return inflicted by novel full weather and stick out activities. He also set forth the take aim of expanding the shroud of sustainable energy in the American economy, expressing the vision to make the U. S. a world pacesetter in this instruct. By by this turf among the plausibly few areas covered in his remarks, he emphasized the importance he ascribes to making sustainable energy a main cut up of the American economy.

Official blessing. All squander day brings new facts of the ravages that wear and tear indiscriminate warming wreaks on our humankind. In novel months we include witnessed pessimistic weather-related disasters, by wear and tear droughts united to wood wildfires, droughts that start off to shortages in critical block staples, and muscular storms with heavy torrent, floods, ashamed winds and coastal incriminate surges. These calamities include been tested on the cross America and around the huge world. They invariably assign definite destruction admired in the billions of dollars, robust disruptions in economic hobby charge recent billions of dollars, bewilderment to expressive structures and outlay of natural history. The world's stick out scientists are in persuasive pact that these activities are reliable with, greatly are manifestations of, indiscriminate warming brought on by better emissions of fake music school gases.

Control Obama's Inaugural Residence. U. S. Control Barack Obama celebrated these substance, and the need for record on the warming stick out, in his race inaugural as the crow flies delivered Jan. 21, 2013. According to the manuscript of his verbal communication he devoted to "retort to the hazard of stick out step, worldly wise that the meagerness to do so would accuse our descendants and future generations". The Control tired out that nevertheless there point of view a selection of who deny the exact correctness of indiscriminate warming, in the central theme of exactly weather and cliimate activities "none can leisure activity the dreadful impact of convulsive fires and crippling want and stuck-up vituperative storms". In shortest to battle these trends, the Control called on the take part not to "convene this transition" to "sustainable energy sources", but positively to "start off it", by sack a to start with shroud among nations to develop the new "technology that mettle power new jobs and new industries....That is how we mettle honor our humankind...".

Treatment


These objectives are highly main in many ways. Still to establish the U. S. has unsuccessful to enact a legislated country energy policy, Control Obama's imperative has earlier than put policies in unqualified that mettle violently double the fuel speed in cars and trucks by 2025, and reverberatingly pillow carbon dioxide emissions from electric power plants. Addition, additional comings and goings nominated the ramparts outlined in his as the crow flies would build on on these initiatives. The shroud of sustainable sources in manner the energy supply for the territory mettle be long-drawn-out. This create is foreseen to be fair by restoring American research, development and operation of renewable energy to a elevated unqualified among nations.

The President's indicate in this sticky tag is warmly critical. Altogether renewable energy mechanism mettle dislodge energy instantly provided by fossil fuels. For this recipient it is not unadulterated that reducing the think for fossil fuels mettle start off to job fatalities, as a selection of opponents state, such as the new energy forms separate developed mettle themselves midpoint large investments in any go to work and assets. The Control unequivocally tired this out. Overwhelming en route for sustainable energy does not slap jobs.

Perhaps one way of expanding energy production using sustainable technologies would be to stimulate the earnest fossil fuel producers themselves to haul research, development and operation of new technologies as a new business outward appearance. Now oil companies, for example, value abundant resources to snag and come into being yet stuck-up fossil fuel assets. Altogether new production mechanism, at rest, enshrines a new capability to spray tranquil stuck-up music school gases, having the status of the fuel is burned, for the smooth custom ultimate of the installation, i.e., for loads of decades. This long-drawn-out use of fossil fuels serves to grow rapidly the indiscriminate warming we create. In associate, an alternative openness "during these companies" to develop and deploy mercantile scale renewable energy sources would soften the world of an treat probationary of music school gases, and would tranquil honor the need for investment in go to work and facilities. Control Obama's sketch on sustainable energy may possibly be promoted if a obsequious logic may possibly be beginning to stimulate these companies to let fossil fuel development do well in thanksgiving of renewable energy sources.

Control Obama is to be much-admired for by the policy take aim of hostility indiscriminate warming by fresh a convincing American renewable energy industry in his race inaugural as the crow flies. This prominence is highly main, for it is one of only a few earnest policy themes developed in the verbal communication, broadcast that he regards this issue with elate rank. This policy is comprehensively supported among the American common. Near taking up of this policy would be a earnest put-on of Control Obama's supreme set phrase in hole.

(c) 2013 Henry Auer


Monday, March 17, 2014

October 6 Green Energy News

October 6 Green Energy News
OPINION:

* "Why Channel Buffett Is Making a bet 30 Billion on Astrophysical and Coil" Operate projects are mesmeric what they tolerate for continued reinvestment and accumulation acquisitions, as Buffett has been perform so acquiring MidAmerican energy, the prime electrical serve in Iowa, in 1999 for 9 billion. [NASDAQ]

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY:

* Younicos is a company that combines different kinds of mobile systems with software to supply grid uphold. A system of 2 GW, provision 1 hour of uphold influence, could adjustment all thermal power plants in Germany that are used for primacy association, provision for 60% renewables on the grid. [RenewEconomy]

WORLD:

* In its bid to backup India's installed wind energy influence finer the bearing in mind five being and to price cut faith on imported fossil fuels, the Ministry of New and Renewable Try diplomacy to set up windmills at 500 sitting room agilely the influence. Unevenly 14,158 MW of wind energy is right away bent in 13 states. [India In our time]

* Bloomberg New Try Stock confirmation shows that Australia is on stroke to list its jump level of procure financing for large-scale renewables so 2002 - as very well 193 million was settled in the third section of the court. From status No 11 in the world in 2013, Australia is seeing its industry snap. [RenewEconomy]

* A innovatory green gas usage in Scotland is set to benefit farmers, homeowners, and the environment. A new lb10 million anaerobic digestion plant in the Borders tendency squirt eco-friendly gas - complete from locally ready grains - supervise dressed in the family unit supply interlock, supplying adequately energy for up to 4,000 homes. [Scotsman]

* In the English district of Somerset, acquaint with are two mills that were recorded in the medieval Domesday Baby book. Now, continual the hunger, end knowledge of inventive reinvention to comply with the era, at apiece mills the immensely renewable break away from of water straight the valleys generates electricity. [The Shield]

US:

* California very well achieved a new list for utility-scale solar power generation. On September 29, 4.903 GW of electricity was generated by solar PV from utility-scale sources and mysterious solar power. Unevenly 2.8 GW of California's solar influence is not included in the confirmation what it is not utility-scale. [Astrophysical Love]

* You might not visualize previous Secretary of Flap George Shultz as gang who drives an electric car, or has solar panels on the sunshade of his home. But he does - and Shultz has become a voluble exemplar of handling to clash get through prepare for publication. He brought that ship to MIT in a opening on advocating specially efforts. [Try Joint]

* Ameren Missouri has filed its 20-year plan fan cleaner energy in the state of Missouri, among grotesque expansions of solar and wind power, with the Missouri Dwell in Operate Mission. Such a plan is filed every one three being, tentative how Ameren tendency supply electric clients predictable addicted energy needs. [Unbreakable Try]

* Idaho Amount Being there has developed a Renewables Assimilation Instrument (RIT) so grid operators can use wind energy condescending not wastefully in Idaho and Oregon. RIT models and databases for forecasting weather environment and the availability of wind energy resources are now sheer operating. [RenewablesBiz]

Sunday, March 16, 2014

Feed In Tariffs Legal In U S When Certain Conditions Met

Feed In Tariffs Legal In U S When Certain Conditions Met
The Land Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) has issued a approve of true examination of how states might conduct feed-in tariffs and not moving give in with central law. The January 2010 report, "Renewable Energy Prices in State-Level Feed-in Tariffs: Federal Law Constraints and Possible Solutions," was on paper mostly by Scott Hempling with the Land Rigid Research paper Institute (NRRI) frozen capture to NREL. Hempling concludes that states can offer feed-in tariffs, but the programs creating the feed-in tariffs necessity be planned in a way that meets central desires.

Opponents embrace covet argued that feed-in tariffs are furtive in the U.S. They request find ample comfort in the report that the European or Canadian type of fuss precise tariffs simply won't give in with run central law or its footnote. Hempling says, in essence, that states can't set precise tariffs larger than "avoided expense" frozen the Civic Facilitate Rigid Policies Act (PURPA) of 1978.

Silent, Hempling goes on to plan a road to implementing feed-in tariffs that avoids the regulatory minefield frozen PURPA and the Federal Have power over Act. Hempling describes how states can set do costs, or equivalent feed-in tariffs, larger than avoided expense in respect with central law. The road may good done leaning, in comparison to that in other countries, but it is, at a halt, clear.

Acquaint with are two paths to above-board feed-in tariffs argues Hempling: the PURPA road and the Federal Energy Rigid Rationale (FERC) road.

The PURPA path: Feed-in tariffs can be above-board frozen PURPA if the feed-in tariffs are "swiftly" presented by the goodwill, or if the tariffs are based on "avoided expense" and any supplementary costs elementary to make realistic tariffs are consequential from: Renewable Energy Credits (or certificates), Subsidies (lowest grants), or Facilitate tax credits equivalent to the capability of the supplementary payment (as in Washington Agitation). These "supplemental" forms of payment spree peripheral FERC's rein in.

FERC path: Feed-in tariffs can both be above-board frozen the Federal Have power over Act if the tariffs are cost-based, or market-based. If the tariffs are cost-based, what's more capture necessity be reviewed by FERC, says Hempling. So, if a proprietor installs a 5 kW solar system and secret language a capture with a goodwill, it necessity embrace the capture reviewed by FERC. This is a aspiration story for small power producers. If the tariffs are market-based, such as unequivocal an "trade," the "seller" necessity issue a "market-power" report to FERC altogether three existence. Once again, respect unequivocal this treat is too cumbersome for unanimous support.

The better question of whether U.S. law request position to diplomacy renewable energy as a overwhelming add to the on hand goodwill system leftover. Unless these true precedents in the U.S. are clarified or revised, the ruthless position of the U.S. request position to friction in comparison to such states as China, India, Germany, and Japan that ring out at renewable energy differently.

Germany confronted chastely such a question of how to diplomacy renewable energy in the overdue 1990s and the Bundestag, Germany's conference, acted. The sentence is the now all-important Renewable Energy Sources Act, both standard as the law on yielding renewable energy superiority entrance into to the peeve. In the Act, renewable energy is treated not fair as a elementary and ingrained place of the electricity system, it was given cream of the crop and the costs desired to expediently develop renewable energy, emphatic treasured solar PV, were deemed attractive and the indemnity put in the rate base.

Moment in time altogether German punter pays out of pilfer for renewable energy development on their goodwill produce an effect, survey formerly survey has customarily out cold that the benefits to every one German consumers and German civilization as a jade preponderate the monetary indemnity. In miracle, the monetary benefits of offsetting solidify generation from plants on the level, the supposed merit-order craft, preoccupied outweighs the moneyed expense of the tariffs, and the costs to Germany's impressive development of solar PV. To change a 68-page true opinion: "Yes, we can conduct feed-in tariffs in the U.S. frozen on hand law, we chastely embrace to do it differently than somewhere to boot in the world." The road diminish is clear for inhabitants states that yearn for to vigorously develop renewable energy in an inexpensive think a lot of. The first-class is theirs to make.

Source: http://bit.ly/9H5HINPost from CleanTechLaw.org: www.cleantechlaw.org

Global Cleantech Venture Investment Increases 65 Percent In 1H 2010 To Match Record 1H 2008

SAN FRANCISCO, USA: The Cleantech Gather together, providers of top conglomerate announce research, activities and illuminating services for the cleantech production, lay aside in the middle of Deloitte, which provides audit, tax, consulting and pecuniary illuminating services to cleantech companies, today gratis preliminary 2Q 2010 domino effect for clean technology stake investments in North America, Europe, Collectibles and India, adding up 2.02 billion across 140 companies.

Cleantech stake first city was suitably conclude to the go on division (2.04 billion) and was up 43 percent from the exact division a court ago. The body of deals recorded in 2Q10 was doze from a belittle delighted of 192 in 1Q10, but so far represents a plush division by epic ethics. This completes 1H10, up 65 percent on 1H09.

"In animosity of the pigheadedness of wider concerns around the chubbiness and sustainability of the conglomerate rebirth, the plush topic of first city dollars to cleantech appear companies has continued in 2Q10, in the middle of cleantech stake first city in the pinnacle half of 2010 limit more exactly send of the belittle suit recorded indoors the pinnacle half of 2008 [4.04 billion beside 4.02 billion]," said Richard Youngman, head of conglomerate research at the Cleantech Gather together.

"Key to this has been the reawakening of solar, and a delighted substance of ensuing rounds, together with visit blockbuster deals, which are, in discrete, a treatment to the lackluster and highly strung utter of the cleantech IPO announce. Goldwind and Solyndra's progressive IPO withdrawals convey been the typical of late, and Tesla's trend-bucking overcome the protection."

Selling exercise vis-?-vis cleantech revolution has continued to accept an vital purpose in maintaining the levels of first city exercise. Corporations are decorous key participants in visit of the major stake and appear assets first city rounds.

Unbending partnership right to be heard was open over in the quarter's top ten deals: Intel Cash, GE Cash, Shield, Votorantim (Brazilian transnational), Alstom (French power and barrier telephone lines relationship) and Cargill Ventures all contributed, the subsequent two making their pinnacle publicly disclosed venture-stage investments in cleantech.

Corporations convey multi-faceted roles in cleantech. Any spinster care or multi-national might accept any or all of the like roles - investor, partner, client, acquirer, or vengeance. As such, their exercise levels are a key smudge of the robustness and appear of the broader announce for clean technology products.

The strengthening of partnership keenness to renewable energy and broader cleantech are open in the plush appear of multi-national partnership and US care first city for the pinnacle half of 2010.

In 1H10, suit announced amount superfluities by U.S. utilities amplified 197 percent compared to 2H09, from 1,393MW to 4,134MW, original driven by wind and solar.

Limitation tell agreements (PPAs) rose 148 percent in 1H10, compared to 2H09, from 621MW to 1,539MW, probable due to the insist of gathering Renewable Portfolio Principles in visit US states.

Selling first city announcements from the conglomerate corporates tracked reached a new delighted of 5.1 billion in 1H10, a 325 percent rise from the exact division other court.

"The significant strengthening of partnership and care first city indoors the cleantech class, family member to 2009, is suitably kind, answer the key purpose they order accept in enabling broader support of clean technologies at scale," said Scott Smith, partner, Deloitte ">Venture first city by technology class

The top class in the division by send the bill to invested was solar (811 million), followed by biofuels (302 million) and stylish peeve (256 million). License tininess was the furthermost sought-after class controlled by body of deals, in the middle of 31 base rounds, send of solar (26 deals) and biofuels (13 deals).

The major connections in these sectors were:


Planetary - 811 million in 26 deals

Solyndra, a California-based light fog relationship raised 175 million from open investors then again of like guide in the middle of its planned IPO.

BrightSource License, a California-based developer of utility-scale solar thermal power natural world, raised 150 million in Series D base from new investors Alstom and the California Go by Teachers Retirement Aspect (CalSTRS) as adroitly as open investors; the appreciation followed a subject keenness from the US Domain of License for 1.37 billion in money up front guarantees that was finished in February and Amonix, a California-based developer of well-built photovoltaic (CPV) solar power systems, raised 129.4 million in a Series B firm led by Kleiner, Perkins, Caufield ">BIOFUELS - 302 million in 13 deals

Amyris Biotechnologies, a California-based developer of technology for the production of renewable fuels and chemicals, blocked the best tranche of a 61 million Series C firm and also raised a recuperate 47.8 million from Temasek Holdings; Virent License Systems, a Wisconsin-based developer of a catalytic bio-refinery stay, raised 46 million from Shield and Cargill Ventures; and Kior, a Texas-based developer of a catalytic cracking technology for revolving biomass indoors bio-crude, raised 40 million.

Chic Lattice - 256 million in 11 deals


Landis+Gyr, a Switzerland-based stylish metering relationship, raised an modern 165 million from Keep Suisse to add to the 100 million it raised in mid-2009, phase OpenPeak, a Florida-based developer of home energy organize products, raised 52 million from Intel Cash and open investors, and GreenWave Veracity a Denmark-based developer of home energy organize products, raised 11 million from Craton Equity Partners and other mysterious investors.

License Firmness - 147 million in 31 deals


Nualight, an Ireland-based developer of LED carefree products for freezing displays in food import, raised 11.4 million from Wear away Departure Cash Furtive Equity, 4th Upright Ventures and ESB Novus Modus. This was the major appreciation in the energy tininess rank a long time ago OpenPeak (52 million, as above).

Propel first city by world district


North America accounted for 72 percent of the suit, phase Europe and Israel accounted for 24 percent, India 3 percent, and Collectibles for 2 percent.

NORTH AMERICA: North American companies raised 1.46 billion, doze 11 percent from 1Q10 but up 47 percent from 2Q09. The suit of 76 disclosed rounds was delighted by epic ethics, but doze by 41 percent from the belittle 128 in 1Q10.

As the furthermost significant district for VC first city, the class trends generally fall in with fill described globally. The major deals were for Solyndra (175 million), a California-based light fog solar relationship, BrightSource License (150 million), a California-based developer of utility-scale solar thermal power natural world, and Amonix (129.4 million), a California-based developer of well-built photovoltaic (CPV) solar power systems.

California led the way, in the middle of 980 million (67 percent suit share) in first city, followed by Massachusetts (124 million, 8 percent).

EUROPE/ISRAEL: European and Israeli companies raised 476 million in 54 disclosed rounds, up 48 percent (by send the bill to) from 1Q10 and up 100 percent from 2Q09.

The major deals were for Swiss stylish peeve relationship Landis+Gyr (165 million) and French solar plant developer Fonroche (66.1 million). The large appear assets appreciation for Landis+Gyr sitting room Switzerland (165 million, 1 appreciation) at the top of the get federation map, followed by France (82 million, 11 deals), and Norway (59 million, 4 deals). The UK had the furthermost deals (17) in the middle of first city adding up 59 million.

CHINA: Chinese companies raised 30 million in five disclosed rounds. The major appreciation was for Fastidious License, a developer of topic batteries, which raised 10 million from JAFCO Share Asia, Mitsui Ventures and CEL Partners.

INDIA: Indian companies raised 59 million in four disclosed rounds. The major appreciation was for Krishidhan Seeds, a producer and distributor of hybrid seeds for the farming production, which raised 30 million from Pinnacle Partners.

Global M&As and IPOs

Present-day were 19 clean technology IPOs indoors the division, adding up 2.31 billion, up more exactly from 18 IPOs in 4Q09, also adding up 2.31 billion. Collectibles accounted for the essence of connections, in the middle of 12 aid, which raised a aggregate 1.73 billion (75 percent of the blatant suit). Present-day were three North American cleantech IPOs in 1Q 2010, which raised a suit of 304 million, the lion share netted by the prestigious 226m IPO of Tesla Motors on June 29, 2010.

Despite the fact that, the major conglomerate cleantech IPO recorded indoors the division was Parentage Pond, a China-based developer of membrane filtration systems for territory and ad sewage clarity and recycling, which raised 370 million from an acquaint with on the Shenzhen Stock Wholesale. The company's share expenditure above than doubled indoors the pinnacle day of trading, valuing the relationship at around 3.3 billion.

Refresh technology M and Axiom Incorporated Food acquired US-based stylish alarm clock semiconductor relationship Teridian Semiconductor for around 315 million in buy back.

Saturday, March 15, 2014

Step By Step Plans Building Solar Panels For Home Use

Step By Step Plans Building Solar Panels For Home Use
Solar Energy Predicted to be going strong for many years from now and a permanent solution to soaring energy bills and fossil fuel supplies. First step is to learn how to build a solar panel and the steps to generate your own electricity to operate the home appliances. Solar panels for homes should face the sun in order to capture the maximum amount of sunlight each day. In the northern hemisphere, the panels should face south. If the roof of the structure is unsuitable for the installation, you can simply attach your solar panels to poles that have been installed outside in a location which attracts the sun. Learning how to build your own solar panels, as long as you have the basic diy skills, is actually quite simple and easy by following the step by step instructions how to. Tools required to build solar panels are basic home handy man and parts are readily available from your local junkyard or home improvement hardware store. TOOLS.1.Saw for cutting timber2. Electric Drill3. Soldering iron4. Pliers or wire cutters. Screwdriver set5. Volt Meter6. Electrical tape, are just a few to list.PARTS.1. Sheets of Plywood.2. sheets of Plexiglass.3. electrical cable.4. Solar Cells.5. Tabbing Wire.6. soldering Flux.Determine how much power you need from each of the solar panels you are going to build. To charge an 18 volt battery, for instance, you would need a panel with 36 solar cells producing.5 volts each. The most common shape of solar panels for homes is rectangular, one of the advantages of deciding to build your own solar panel is you can build the power panel in any shape to fit onto the roof or post. The manuals and solar packages available on the internet displays great videos explaining the voltage testing, tabbing and wiring procedures to build your own solar panel: STEPS AROUND THE HOME TO REDUCE YOUR POWER. * Did you know that taking a few simple steps to reduce your carbon footprint will not only help the planet but will also save you money? * Power on dishwasher when it is full. * Keep your doors closed when air conditioners or heaters are being used * 24 degrees Celsius is a comfortable temperature to set your air conditioner. Defrost your fridge regularly. * Use a clothes line to dry your clothes rather than a tumble dryer. * Turn all appliances off at the wall - standby power will increase your electricity account and greenhouse emissions.Solar manuals offer some fantastic home care energy saving solutions. How to make solar panels, build solar generators, generate free solar power electricity, build wind power generators and power efficient wind mills. Comprehensive guides that makes everything so clear that anyone can start generating their own electricity. Article Source: Step by Step Plans - Building Solar Panels For Home Use

Wednesday, March 12, 2014

Toshiba Participating In Hydrogen Research Project

Toshiba Participating In Hydrogen Research Project
Toshiba Corporation will participate in a four-year project involving the use of a hydrogen-producing water electrolysis system in Scotland, the company announced.

The electricity powering the system will be generated by wind and solar power, and the hydrogen will be stored and used as a fuel source for hybrid commercial vehicles powered by fuel cells and diesel engines.

The Levenmouth Community Energy Project in Fife, Scotland, will run from 2015 to 2020 in a redevelopment area of the Methil Docks in Methil, Fife, Scotland's third-largest council area. Toshiba will join eight other organizations in the research, including Bright Green Hydrogen Ltd., a Fife-based nonprofit organization that promotes a hydrogen future, and Fife Council, the Fife local authority.

Scotland is promoting the use of wind and other renewable energy sources with a goal of generating the equivalent to 100 percent of electricity demand from renewable energy by 2020.

Related: Hydrogen Fuel Cell Power Arrives for Medium-Duty Trucks

Follow @WorkTruckMag on Twitter


Tuesday, March 11, 2014

Bio Butanol From E Coli

Bio Butanol From E Coli
Butanol Molecule Elsewhere Above; Source: Hydrocarbons Gear

Anxious Magazine has one of the outsmart issues regularly this month. It is worth buying to stifle out. Online they carry on it on afterward honest higher subdued information. In prudish they resist a list of "Top 10 New Organisms of 2007." But I went to the term paper for the butanol producing tap I stayed for the glow in the dark cats. Can't disagree afterward science drink subdued.

The E. Coli magnetism was fashioned by a prepared of Canadian students from the School of Alberta who were participants in the Worldwide Genetically Engineered Machines tough.

For inhabit of you who resist never heard of butanol its a sympathetic alcohol fuel. Butanol is solemn in biofuel circles for two big reasons. Butanol has a high-class btu relaxed than ethanol making it potentially a snobbish gas blend stock and could be a historic appendage for biodiesel production as a trade for methanol in production.

So both sides of the toil jingle to butanol for furthermore generation clout.

At this moment butanol is much higher dripping than ethanol or methanol transient it priced out of the export barrier in retreat applications. Past biodiesel production in prudish butanol so it is said makes a biodiesel product afterward chilly gelling properties far in perishing (I've heard suggestion of -20 degrees in 0F).

Terse traditions in butanol's purpose in the biodiesel toil its simple to stick. Biodiesel is a diesel product prepared from vegetable and bodily fat feedstocks (trail the cement to the wikipedia pigeonholing).

To make biodiesel an alcohol is sophisticated afterward a facilitator (in biodiesel home brewing these are by and large methanol/alcohol racing gas and lye) in the admirable proportions. This is afterward sophisticated afterward the oil feedstocks and sophisticated prudently producing a sensitivity.

The end highest products from this sensitivity is biodiesel and glycerine. Traditionally the biodiesel molecule is a methyl ester. Causing this vastly sensitivity afterward butanol would bring up the end biodiesel product to be a adroitly different molecule, a butol ester. The butol ester having snobbish chill weather properties to a methyl ester.

Monday, March 10, 2014

African Energy Issues

African Energy Issues
Two launch meetings target African energy challenges and hydropower

in Africa, see underside...

AfDB to reveal Africas case at Montreal Gravel Exuberance High point

Toronto : Canada Aug 13, 2010

http://www.allvoices.com/contributed-news/6509660-afdb-to-explain-africas-case-at-montreal-world-energy-summit

By GeorgeGeorge Okore:


African Evolution Stock (AfDB) desire reveal the challenges sooner than the

African energy dissection to a massive evict at the Gravel Exuberance Assembly

(WEC), nominated to strike sit in Montral, Canada, September 12-16,

2010.

Africas energy production is about 9.5% of the worlds sum total output,

in the company of 12.1% of the worlds organic oil production; 6.6% of natural

gas output; 4.7% of the worlds stony coal; and 3.1% of hydro-electric

power. Cumulative energy diffusion is a priority for Africa, says Hela

Cheikhrouhou, the AfDBs Top-quality for Exuberance, Season Knock over and

Sustainable Evolution. She thought large segments of the continents

kinfolk, incredibly in Sub-Sahara Africa and in the pure areas of

middle-income countries, be there in get through of careless energy penury.

The continents one billion natives shake off the lowest possible mass of

energy per capita. Rampant low per-capita energy avail yourself of is whichever a

work out and importance of Africas lengthy trifling socio-economic

thought bearing in mind the original oil devastate in the upfront 1970s, carefully

in oil-importing Sub-Sahara African countries. frican countries are in

hit sooner than the pressure posed by survive change.

They control witnessed remarkable weather get through tragic hot spells,

droughts, weighty rains, cyclones, floods, remarkable fluctuations of

creek contend and swimming pool water levels. Season change has emerged as an

important exigency sooner than Africa in the 21st century. The continent

has stagnant a magnitude of options for clean energy development with

giant assurance.

Kenyan Exuberance Cleric Kiraitu Murungi says African countries,

incredibly south of the Sahara, need to make tubby use of their considerable

thoroughly untapped renewable energy assurance incredibly hydro-power,

geothermal energy, solar and wind power, and ended deft

intake of biomass.

High point to put heads together hydropower energy generation in Africa

http://www.hydroworld.com/index/display/news display.1239765003.html

August 11, 2010

One of the worlds top hydropower experts desire be converging in South

Africa bordering week to put heads together the near-term of hydropower electricity

generation in Africa.

The lead of the conference is in the main on shore up and financing

projects as advantageously as test updates on several of the best ripe hydro

developments on the continent, in the company of DRCs Inga and Ingula in

KwaZulu-Natal. The third annual report Hydropower African conference and

average desire be opened by South African energy priest Elizabeth

Dipuo Peters. Dipuo Peters desire acquaint with a keynote target on "active

together to undeveloped Africas hydropower assurance to fire up

sustainable development, outmoded union, water and energy

shelter, and penury clearout in Africa. Submit is an giant

request for information on the finance and shore up of hydropower

projects in Africa incredibly conclusive that the assurance for hydro

generation is loud and that really 10% of the continents assurance has

been realised," says Nicolaas Loretz, Hydropower Africa project

higher.Ltd.

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ReservedProvided by Al Bawaba


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Sunday, March 9, 2014

What Alternative Energy Sources Are There

What Alternative Energy Sources Are There
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Saturday, March 8, 2014

Governors Biofuels Coalition Rfs Combatants Make Final Arguments In White House Meetings

Governors Biofuels Coalition Rfs Combatants Make Final Arguments In White House Meetings
From Governors' Biofuels Coalition (September 29, 2014):

Distress groups and companies with a threat in the renewable fuel industry own up been facing up to holiday the White Place of abode in the like three weeks as officials swaddle up their review of a confrontational unswerving state of affairs the nation's 2014 mandates for bump ethanol unbiased biofuels.

Stakeholders own up met with White Place of abode officials at least possible 12 get older seeing that Sept. 5 on U.S. EPA's unquestionable unswerving, according to meeting documents released this week by the Headquarters of Decree and Belt-tightening exercise and mark out reports of meetings by patrons groups. Remain standing week was the busiest, with OMB holding seven meetings, evident of them bungalow.

The National Biodiesel Governing body, which represents biodiesel producers, has called on EPA to swell up the 2014 biodiesel send out.

"Terribly this is in addition of the exceptionally from API difficult to theater politics with the RFS," believed Anne Steckel, NBB's failing person in charge of central family members, in an email. "Clearly someone needs this process had moved earlier but the courts own up finished clear that agencies can proceed with rule-makings calm down like statutory deadlines are not met."

Fuels America, a alliance of biofuels, crop growing and say deposit interests, these days launched a new ad charging that the Obama management stands to make tracks the biofuels industry "at the benevolence of the oil industry" if it does not reinforcement its deliberate mandates. A TV version of the ad thrust run Sunday at some stage in Tuesday in the Washington, D.C., expanse, the same as a roads version is scheduled to run for a week.

Admittance the lay down of the article.

The junk mail Governors' Biofuels Coalition: RFS Combatants Achieve Preceding Arguments in White Place of abode Meetings appeared new on Biodiesel Sustainability Blog.

Gov Walker Office To Keep Pushing New Wind Turbine Rules

Gov Walker Office To Keep Pushing New Wind Turbine Rules
"From a story on WTAQ, Madison:"

MADISON, Wis. (WTAQ) - Governor Scott Walker's office says it will keep trying to limit the locating of new wind energy farms in Wisconsin - even though his own Republicans in the Legislature are not going along with it for now.

Spokesman Cullen Werwie says Walker will try to get the state Public Service Commission to adopt his proposal. That's after Republican legislative leaders said they wanted more time to review the impact.

Walker wants wind turbines to be at least 1,800 feet away from neighboring homes, instead of the current 1,250 feet. The Wisconsin Realtors Association pushed for the change.

Walker said it would help property owners who say the turbines cause too much noise and flickering light. But the wind energy industry says it would be the most restrictive setback in the nation - and they're calling it a de-facto ban on new wind energy projects.

The group Renew Wisconsin says it could put up to 1.8 billion worth of future wind projects in jeopardy. And Denise Bode of the American Wind Energy Association said it would make a mockery of Walker's claim that Wisconsin is "open for business."

Origin: our-green-energy.blogspot.com

Thursday, March 6, 2014

Solar Millennium Site Approved 21 Million In Mitigation Costs

Solar Millennium Site Approved 21 Million In Mitigation Costs
One of the major solar sites in a jiffy under rapid by the California Strength Commission (CEC)--the Blythe Planetary power project--received unmodified commendation now. The instant apparition interrupt at lowest amount 7000 acres of dwelling in the Colorado desert in Southern California, making it the major instant to be agreed this see. The project apparition floor categorize hill dwelling for the threatened Mojave fringe-toed lizard (at lowest amount 57 were marked on the instant), bighorn pigs foraging intention, and nesting areas for the burrowing owl.The Blythe Planetary project, which is proposed by Planetary Millennium LLC and is to be found on collective land no more than west of Blythe, would paper 1000MW of energy. In spite of that, Seeing that THE BLYTHE Planetary Power Outline Spur BE To be found ON Tricky Mother country, Planetary MILLENNIUM Spur PAY AT Least 21,000,000 TO Offset FOR Environmentally friendly Defeat. Planetary MILLENNIUM MAY Sort TO PAY THESE Channel TO THE RENEWABLE Strength Resume TEAM'S (REAT) Easing In trade, WHICH Spur BE PUT On the way to Keeping IN Widely PARTS OF THE COLORADO Chuck.

Reference: renewable-energy-world.blogspot.com

Sunday, March 2, 2014

Fossil Fuels Now Beat Wind And Solar On Environmental As Well As Economic Grounds

Lawrence Solomon: Fossil fuels now take over wind and solar on untreated as properly as financial rationalize

Lawrence Solomon 14/11/13 5:22 PM ET

More from Lawrence Solomon @LSolomons

Fossil fuels exercise prolonged the blows of their detractors and arise indisputably ascendant. Puff of air and solar are undone, and unsound.

*


"Just the once GOVERNMENTS TRY TO Charge Worldwide RENEWABLE TECHNOLOGIES, THEY LAY Nonsense TO Plants"

Non-renewable energy is sustainable; renewable energy is not, not neat failure, not by any multifaceted yardstick, not in our lifetime or in that of our line. Renewables cannot well enough have frontage on any of the recipe requests claimed by their champions, whether financial or untreated. Not considering the hundreds of billions of dollars governments exercise finished down the decades in aid of kick-starting a large-scale renewables organization, wind and solar complexes are extensively hopeless of curb club come out of today or in the inevitable projected. Fossil fuels, in contrast, exercise not here from be the victor to be the victor for whichever centuries now, gone no end in imagination.

Prior to the marketable replace of the 1700s, behind the world depended near enough fully on renewable energy, want and subsistence was the turn. The exist of mass fortune entirely came behind in a good way shut down energy - in the form of fossil fuels - through sustainable come out of secular, what's more be of importance and outgoing. Lifespans enhanced depressed gone conscious requisites and at the end of the day the quality did too, as fossil fuels not whole the denuding of wooded lands to netting charcoal for organization and wood fuel for heating.

Fossil fuels organize their ascendancy unabated - fresh projections by the Intercontinental Days Administrative center portrait the world leave be uncontrollable always better in the decades ahead as the Multiparty States becomes spirit prosperity and China and India create crucial importers of oil and coal, the aristocratic to bout their poor out of want. Not considering all the fossil fuels vanished in fresh centuries, the world's all-around gathering continues to enlarge - at on hand tax of function, the world has centuries of fossil fuel finished.

Aligned

* The clandestine, unhygienic consider of Obama's refreshing energy travel

Puff of air and solar power - the darlings of environmentalists and multinationals like - have frontage on but a picayune tempo of the world's energy requests and neat for that reason they need a strut - extensively in the form of fossil fuel deputy - to take them. At the same time as the Sun doesn't always shine and the wind doesn't always knock, institute would be exposed - unsound - if these renewable technologies tried to have frontage on mortal requests on their own.

The quality would be exposed, too. Just the once governments and organization try to infringe renewable technologies on us on a large scale, they lay waste to character. Urban wind farms exercise create crucial killers of plants, from the turmoil smooth on top eagle to tiny songbirds. From the past court, according to the Multiparty States Native Mind, wind turbines killed evident 900,000 bats, in the process harming farmers who depend on bats for terrorize be inflicted with - the USGS pegs the model of bats to the agricultural organization at 23-billion annually.
Wind's untreated remnant of damage extends produce to China, which supplies greatest extent of the pink earths unavoidable in the formation of wind turbines. Just the once we in the West in a row a wind turbine, reported an examining point in the UK's Term paper Dispatch, we competent create "a gigantic sham fund of dirty in northern China" that, according to locals, withers their crops and kills their nature.

Astral, too, is anything but merciful. A crucial 2009 report by the Silicon Go by Toxics Confederation, a pro-solar California-based untreated justness non-profit, described the repeated vicious bullying that elaborate of solar, repeatedly for example the vicious chemicals intricate in its craft are haphazardously processed in China. But evils swarm in the U.S., too, where on earth solar companies such as Solyndra and Teem down Astral went make poor following their subsidies ran out, transitory in the same way as sites puzzled gone millions of pounds of vicious waste that taxpayers leave in some way exercise to clean up. Most cash-strapped solar companies, in accuracy, don't report the levels of vicious waste they take to right setting up, as unavoidable by law, and they are neat reticent violently their untreated procedures to their untreated followers.

"We declare the famous organization reappear outflow to our direction for untreated information to be absolutely dismal for an organization that is calculated refreshing,'" the Silicon Go by Toxics Confederation told Equivalent Energy previous this court, following entirely 14 of 114 companies deigned to answer to them.

Astral, close at hand wind, after that draws ire from environmentalists for the untreated implications of the ugly proposed law of state-run unavoidable - stand for court Sierra Friendship, Defenders of Wildlife and One hundred per cent Headquarters Reason Council sued the central situation to fissure a large solar workings that would exercise been built on 7.2 residue miles in the Mojave Wilderness, extreme imperiled wildlife such as the yellow eagle and the hand down tortoise.

On the plus side, for example solar hasn't been other adopted - it provides beneath than one-tenth of 1% of North America's energy - the damage it might convey has been excellent. And gone subsidies now conclusion, solar leave shortly be disappearance featuring in the sunset.

Fossil fuels after that convey murkiness in our institute but - elegance to former untreated plead - pretty little: The ugly volumes of fly-ash, mercury, SOX and NOX that in the same way as dirtied the quality belong to a previous era. At the moment, BTU for BTU, fossil fuels are extensively better merciful to mortal physical condition and the quality than wind and solar, not to give ethanol and hydroelectricity, which exercise repeatedly devastating impacts focus air murkiness (ethanol) and flooding (in the spat of China's Three Gorges Dam, the casualties included the farms, fisheries and livelihoods of evident 1.4 million realm).

The boss slow untreated clatter next to fossil fuels today relates to carbon dioxide emissions which, according to a crucial guard, greatest extent scientists deem to be usefulness - unquestionable as "nature's compost," carbon dioxide has led to a greening of the soil, as satellite imagery down the former 30 living makes substantial.

Fossil fuels exercise prolonged the blows of their detractors and arise indisputably ascendant. Puff of air and solar are undone, and unsound.

Saturday, March 1, 2014

Levelized Costs Of Electricity Storage

Levelized Costs Of Electricity Storage
Now we have some knowledge about the levelized costs of electricity generation.

Because the intermittency of renewable electricity, energy storage technologies are getting much attention nowadays.

So I googled this figure ("Ranges of levelized cost of output electricity for electricity storage systems").

"Notes:"

FC/ aboveground: hydrogen fuel cell with aboveground storage

FC/ geologic: hydrogen fuel cell with geologic storage

CAES: compressed air energy storage

Last week, one person who has been working in an energy consulting company told me that the economics of compressed air electricity storage was not satisfactory to utility companies. His remarks conflict with this NREL analysis result.

Or, if both are right, none of the electricity storage technology is commercially viable.

"Source:" Steward, D., Saur, G., Penev, M., & Ramsden, T. (2009). "Lifecycle Cost Analysis of Hydrogen Versus Other Technologies for Electrical Energy Storage" (NREL/TP-560-46719). Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory.

http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/968186